Earthday Essays - March Observances, Counterculture Of The 1960s

Earthday Earth Day Earth Day is April 22. Earth Day is most often observed by the media, hundreds of local groups and noted on calendars on April 22. Many people also observe Earth Week and Earth Month. Since most events and festivals need to take place on a weekend, Earth Day is observed on the weekends before and after April 22. Others also observe it on March 21, the Vernal Equinox or on World Environment Day, June 6. Remember, that really, every day is an Earth Day - we just need to live our lives that way. History of Earth Day For years prior to Earth Day it had been troubling to me that the critical matter of the state of our environment was simply a non-issue in the politics of our country. The President, the Congress, the economic power structure of the nation, and the press paid almost no attention to this issue, which is of such staggering import to our future. It was clear that until we somehow got this matter into the political arena, until it became a part of the national political dialogue, not much would ever be achieved. The puzzling challenge was to think up some dramatic event that would focus national attention on the environment. Finally, in 1963 an idea occurred to me that was, I thought, a virtual cinch to get the environment into the political limelight once and for all. That idea was to persuade President Kennedy to give national visibility to this issue by going on a nationwide conservation tour, spelling out in dramatic language the serious and deteriorating condition of our environment, and proposing a comprehensive agenda to begin addressing the problem. No President had ever made such a tour, and I was satisfied this would finally force the issue onto the nation's political agenda. The President like the idea and began his conservation tour in the fall of 1963. Senators Hubert Humphrey, Gene McCarthy, Joe Clark and I accompanied the President on the first leg of his trip to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin,, and Minnesota. For many reasons the tours didn't achieve what I had hoped for - it did not succeed in making the environment a national political issue. However, it was the germ of the idea that ultimately flowered into Earth Day. While the President's tour was a disappointment, I continued to hope for some idea that would thrust the environment into the political mainstream. Six years would pass before the idea for Earth Day occurred to me in late July 1969, while on a conservation speaking tour out West. At the time there was a great deal of turmoil on the college campuses over the Vietnam War. Protests, call anti-war teach-ins, were being widely held on campuses across the nation. On a flight from Santa Barbara to the University of California/Berkeley, I read an article on the teach-ins, and it suddenly occurred to me, why not have a nationwide teach-in on the environment? That was the origin of Earth Day. I returned to Washington in early August, raised the funds to get Earth Day started, and prepared letters to 50 governors and to the mayors of all the major cities explaining the event and requesting that they issue Earth Day Proclamations. I sent an Earth Day article to all of the college newspapers explaining the event and one to Scholastic Magazine, which went to most of our grade and high schools. In a speech given in Seattle in September, I formally announced that there would be a national environmental teach-in sometime in the spring of 1970. The wire services carried the story nationwide. The response was dramatic. It took off like gangbusters. Telegrams, letters and Telephone inquiries poured in from all over the nation. Using my Senate staff, I ran Earth Day activities out of my office. By December, the movement had expanded so rapidly that it became necessary to open an office in Washington to serve as a National Clearinghouse for Earth Day inquiries and activities, at which point I hired Denis Hayes and others to coordinate the effort. Earth Day achieved what I had hoped for. The objective was to get a nationwide demonstration of concern for the environment so

Service quality in hong kong restaurant The WritePass Journal

Service quality in hong kong restaurant Abstract Service quality in hong kong restaurant AbstractIntroductionLiterature ReviewMethodologyFindingsStaff:Information:Process:Food quality:Atmosphere:AnalysisConclusionManagerial implicationsRelated Abstract This report is to identify and examine the issues of service quality throughout restaurant industry. Personal survey was carried out in Hong Kong to collect positive and negative expediencies in restaurant. The personal survey categorised into five groups: staff, information, process, food quality and availability. The result will show a range of satisfiers and dissatisfies relating to the experiences in restaurant. Introduction Nowadays, many customers are more demanding on service quality in service industry such as hospitality and tourism. Since 1880s the service quality was began toward to the worldwide trend, many restaurant companies realised that a quality of food, in itself, is not guaranteed to maintain competitive advantage (Van der wal et al, 2002). The purpose of service quality is to delivery of excellent or superior service relative to customer expectation which is recognised as a multi dimensional construct (Zeithaml and Bitner, 1996). Service quality improvements will lead to customer satisfaction and cost management that result in improved profits (Steveson, 2002). Especially for customer service has major impact in service quality, customer service has become a unique component of both product and service sectors as well as the developments in information technology many businesses found that customer are being more demanding and knowledgeable. Not only has that, according to Moore (1987) s hown that many researchers had recognised that service quality could gain competitive advantages for company. Therefore, many companies are increasing attention to improve their service quality (Ghobadian et al, 1994). This report will investigate the levels of service quality in restaurants. It will examine the importance of service satisfaction and meeting customer expectations and studying the SERVQUAL model and the total quality management model. For the purpose of this study, the service quality in restaurants includes staff, decoration and layout, location, menu and information, food quality, hygiene and food process. Customer experiences in restaurant will be assessed by identifying the experience of satisfaction or dissatisfaction by using the Critical Incident Technique (CIT). Literature Review Furthermore, customer to customer experiences is getting more important in todays experience economy, in order make customers are staging memorable, special, and above and beyond service experiences plays an important role. These customer to customer experiences will help company gain a competitive advantage in the competitive service industry. There are many methods and models of evaluating service quality. SERVQUAL is a model that provides a technique for measuring and managing service quality, this has According to Parasuraman et al (1988) from Figure 1, SERVQUAL has five features dimension which are tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, empathy and assurance. These components are to measure the gap between customer satisfaction and expectation. SERVQUAL is assuming the service quality is critically determined by the disparity between the expectations and perceptions of the customer and the service actually delivered (Curry and Sinclair. 2002). In addition, service quality can be defined as the extent to which a performance of company meets a customer’s need or expectation (Wisniewski 2001). Consequently, these are to improve and provide service to customer and a strategy to be a loyalty and have a luxury experience at company. Moreover, ‘Service quality is a multilevel construct consisting of the aforementioned three sub dimensions’ studied by Brady and Cronin (2001). The first dimension is interaction quality, it is formed of attitude, behaviour and expertis e of the service provider. The second dimension is physical environment quality, it is formed of ambient conditions, design and social factors of the service facilities. Lastly, the outcome quality dimension is formed of waiting time, tangibles and valence. Secondly, Totally quality service (TQS) is a continuous improvement process, it involved leadership, measurement tools and organisational culture, it is the product delivered to the customer is a service rather than a manufactured object and customer satisfaction is the ultimate goal in both cases (Karen,1997). It is focuses on customer needs and expectations, the company should understand what customer needs and their expectations before designing and implementation, also in order to maintain the competitive edge, the company must to identify their customer’s needs and meet the customer satisfaction (Asher, 1989). In terms of restaurant, they need to understand their target customer eating behaviour in order to design the menu which suit customer expectation. Moreover, company having a good leadership system, an organisational culture and a team of good commitment employees would improve business process which result in improvements in service quality. This can be an improvement in service performance outcomes or cost based values, high levels of service quality will lead to high levels of customer satisfaction. Parasuraman et al (1991) conceptualised the Zone of tolerance theory and suggests that service quality perception are dependent upon consumer’s expectations. Company in order to understanding and measuring the satisfaction of customer, they used Critical incident technique (CIT), it’s provide a starting point and a process for advancing company through a learning experience (Davis, P J 2006). The CIT can provide a powerful data analysis tool to increase knowledge which is relating to company’s performance (Bitner et al, 1990). The purpose of CIT is to investigate any causes of the problem and then advance some solutions to address the problem. Grove and Fisk (1997) used the CIT to investigate how customers get along with each other in entertainment parks. They found that it is appropriate and reasonable behaviour in service situation as well as individual situation. CIT is a ‘story telling’ method which provides a variety sources of data by allowing respondents to determine which incidents are the most relevant to the phenomenon   being investigated (Grewler, 2004). This CIT method has been successfully used in many studies provides and justify of the methodology of this report. Methodology The primary objective of this study is to identify service experiences in restaurant industry. CIT is one of the popular research method in the service literature and it is especially useful when researching phenomenon (Edvardsson and Roos, 2001, Bitner et al, 1990). Furthermore, it involves a classification technique in order to analysis qualitative data. This research is based on face to face interviews with prepared questionnaires (Appendix 1). This is to collect the past experiences in restaurants from interviewers as well as the average spending in restaurant critical incident were gathered by asking interviewers to recall the most memorable experience of service quality they had in restaurant. The interviews were carried out in late March 2011 in Hong Kong, China. The reasons of chosen this place was because I am interesting the service quality in my home town as well as Hong Kong is a cosmopolitan city that gathered al kind of different type of restaurants. Interviews were conducted in two days. The interviewers were picked up at random places around Hong Kong. This was to make sure the data I collect could be more accurate as I could. Findings A total of 55 results were collected from 40 respondents, 31 were female and 9 male. 29 respondents can recall their good experiences when they were in restaurant whereas 26 respondents can also recall their bad experiences when they were in restaurant. The results were sorted into 5 categories, these data would help readers to understand the main issues of service quality in restaurant industry. Staff: Satisfier- the staffs are quite friendly, well explained of the menu and also recommended their popular recipe for us. Satisfier- I am a vegetarian, the staff recommend some good vegetarian menu to us and she was very patient to answer our requires. Dissatisfier- the service performance was not as good as I expected, I waited 10 minutes till one of the staff came over or asking order. Information: Satisfier- the menu display very well and the picture of the recipe from the menu are almost the same to what we had. Dissatisfier- the restaurant is not easy to find and did not have many advert on magazine or official website. Therefore, it is not easy to find out more about the restaurant. Process: Satisfier- the process was very efficiency, from taken order fill the food delivery only took 10 minutes. Dissatisfier- I waited for so long till the food came, even though there were not many customers at that moment Food quality: Satisfier- the food taste very nice and well displayed. Satisfier- I am a big eater and the portion is huge which is suitable for me. Dissatisfier- the food was very expensive and did not worth for $1000 for four people. Atmosphere: Satisfier- the restaurant location was outskirt of town which was very nice and quiet as well as suitable for gather some friends for a chat and gathering or some business meeting. Satisfier- in the Valentine ’s Day, me and my girlfriend went to a restaurant, the lighting inside the restaurant was very romantic we had a good time at that restaurant. Dissatisfier- the tables were very close to each other, we felt very uncomfortable. There were too many people waiting for table so we can not stay in that restaurant for a bit longer. Analysis The graph shows the satisfaction of service quality in Hong Kong restaurants. The graph shows that the majority of customers are satisfied with the service quality of restaurant. For the most important is staff performance, 19 respondents can recall their experience of staff service quality, 12 of them are satisfied with the staff’s service, they think that staffs are friendly and introduce the popular recipe to customers. On the other hand, 7 respondents are dissatisfied with the staff’s service, they think that the staff have no manner and took long time to take order. These could shown that the staff’ performance are important and have a directive effect on total service quality. Many restaurant companies are trying to increase the attention to improving service quality especially staff performance, some companies consider service quality is more important than product quality as well as good service quality could improve sale performance and improve profit (Ghobadian et al, 1994; Stevenson, 2002). Customer satisfaction depends on worke rs in the restaurant team knowing their role and working to a common objective (Macanlay, S and Cook, S 1995). Customers think that uniformity is what customer service teams seem to strive for such as standard uniform to all staff and standard greetings, these could improve the company image and professional. Furthermore, restaurant manager should also set a clear service standards and objectives and monitor and jointly review staff performance. For example: how long it takes to process customer calls and orders, letters to customers conforming to company style, use of telephone greeting and handling customer complaints. Other than staff’s performance, food quality is essential in service quality to restaurant in order to be successful. It is because good food can keep customer return and building up loyalty. 10 respondents can recall their good experience of food quality, they think the taste of the food was very good and well display. Also, customers think that the size of the portion is important as well. However, 5 respondents could recall their bad experience of food quality, some of them think that the food was tasteless and other respondent had a experience that the food was over cooked. Food is the main element in restaurant as it is a purpose that customer coming for. Moreover, food quality is important to restaurant and also should exceed customer expectation. Restaurant should be knowledgeable of what the expectation is and what customer needed from the restaurant in order to provide the best food to their target customer, especially in Hong Kong, there are many different type of cu rry themed restaurants, they all had different target market of customers and loyalty, it is because the restaurant managers understand that different customer loves different taste and can not fulfil all customers’ taste. After food quality, process is also important to restaurant operation, its included how long it takes to deliver the food to customer and the whole experience in the restaurant, if the restaurant operation run smoothly, it could gain added value.5 respondents could recall their good experience in the restaurant, most of them were happy with the process and think they are very efficiency. However, 3 respondents could recall their bad experience of process in the restaurant. Most of them were not happy with the delivery time, customer waited over 20 minutes for the food and some of them respondents waited for too long for worker to come and take orders. The process and operation have to be efficiency in the restaurant, these could increase the customer cover in the restaurant and improve in sales. In addition, information is how customer receives news and information from restaurant, the picture and text of the food from the menu should be accurate to the real food. 4 respondents were satisfied with the information such as menu and leaflet of the restaurant. They think that the menu layout was clear and easy to look. Addition to the restaurant advertised on many food magazine which help customers easy to find the place and fully described what is the theme of the restaurant and what kind of food they do in the restaurant. But 3 respondents were dissatisfied with the information, mainly, they were not happy with the menu, they think that the menu was too simple and without the ingredient inside the menu could case misunderstanding, also the food was not accurate to the picture from the magazine. Information is important to restaurant because it involved the communication and relationship with customers, customers have higher expectations if the restaurant is on the magazine and well promoted. For the most important is the menu design, good menu layout and pictures could attract customer. Finally, atmosphere inside the restaurant has a direct impact to service quality, atmosphere is including the lighting, personal space and decoration inside the restaurant. 4 respondents could recall their good experience in terms of atmosphere in the restaurant, one of the respondent said the lighting is important if customer are couple for a special meal as well as decoration. However, only 1 respondent was complaining that the table cover was too close to each table which didn’t have enough personal space and can not relax during the dinner. Decoration and atmosphere are essential to restaurant, it can gives a good image to customer and added value to service quality. Conclusion This report has examined customer perceptions of service quality in terms of staff’s performance, process, information, food quality and atmosphere in restaurants in Hong Kong using the critical incident technique. Perceived service quality is highly subject to different people, there are many definitions of quality that emphasize this aspect of customer (Juran, 1974). However, there is always an improvement in terms of service quality. The result shown that the customers are more concern and recognise the important on service quality into five main areas: staff, process, information, food quality and atmosphere. The hospitality industry such as restaurant seems increasing to be acknowledging the message that quality is satisfying the needs and expectations of the customer (Lockwood, 1995). Moreover, it managing quality is a particularly difficult and complex problems, the restaurant needs to face the manufacturing problems of providing a high quality food to satisfy customer, it also needs to counter the problems of service delivery through the high level of interaction between staff and customer (Lockwood, 1995). The report shown that the majority of respondents were satisfied with the service quality, 64% are satisfied to overall service quality in the restaurant. Especially staff and food quality are the main concern and have a direct impact to service quality, 22 respondents were satisfied with these areas. However, there are 34% are not satisfied with overall service quality in restaurant and mainly 12 respondents were dissatisfied with the staff and food in restaurant. Which has told us that there are improvement in service quality in restaurant. Managerial implications The results of the report have shown that there are many issues should be improved by manager of restaurant operation and training. This report could provide opportunities to the restaurant management for improvement in order to gain more competitive advantages. It is clear that much dissatisfaction in staff’s performance and food quality. The respondents in this research though that these two elements are important in service quality. In terms of staff’s performance, in order to provide exceeding service to customer to meet their needs and satisfaction, management should provide regular training to employees. Also in the food quality, the front house staffs should always asking for opinion of food from customers and having regular meeting with kitchen staffs sharing the commends from customers, not only on food quality also on overall performance. For some chain restaurants, they standardise the food quality and staff’s quality, they set a standard of staff’s quality for staff to follow to guideline to serve the guest and as well as on food control. Process also need to be improved, management need to make sure that the operation runs smoothly and aiming for no mistake in any steps, efficiency service could satisfy customer. Atmosphere and information are based on their target customer, the management should be understand their customer interest and provide suitable environment for customer.

UNIFEM's strategies on women in the Philippines Essay

UNIFEM's strategies on women in the Philippines - Essay Example We have seen throughout history the discrimination that women suffered all parts of the world. Women empowerment in America has come a long way now. However, in other parts of the world, there are still a disproportionate number of women living in poverty. In some countries, poverty has a feminine face.UNIFEM is the women's fund of the United Nations. It seeks to improve women empowerment and gender inequality in all countries by reducing feminized poverty, put an end to violence against women, reducing the spread of AIDS among women and to ensure gender equality in democratic governance.One of the core goals of UNIFEM is to end feminized poverty. To attain this, it has implemented strategies such as putting gender into trade and economic policies and expanding access to markets, goods and services. It also started to working with various countries such as Africa, Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Ecuador and Brazil.In the Philippines, the bulk of UNIFEM's work is with migrant workers. They created savings and investment programs for those women returning from working abroad. There are also projects for home-based workers.This paper seeks to analyze how UNIFEM's strategies affect women in the Philippines. Will it work What could be made to improve the strategies Also, towards the end of the paper, I will discuss the impact of feminized poverty in the Philippines in my personal living in America and how it helped me become more aware of gender inequalities in the United States.Women shared an important role in the political history of the Philippines. They participated in the revolt against Spanish colonization in the 19th century. It was also a woman who led the fall of a dictatorship in the 1980's. And at present, the president of the country is a woman. It is safe to say that in the Philippines, woman are enjoy a greater equality with men as compared to its' neighboring countries. In fact, its' Constitution includes a clause imposing equal rights between men and women. And there is a number of anti-discrimination laws legislated. Women's participation in the Philippine economy is also significant. However, they dominate only on the low level jobs like factory work and domestic help. On the contrary, men are still preferred for high position jobs. In a way, the glass ceiling still exists. And this is the reason why feminized poverty still exists in the Philippines. Effect of Promotions for Women Migrant Workers The Philippines have been progressive with respect to women's rights compared to its neighboring countries. As mentioned earlier, equality between men and women are already embodied in their Constitution. They have also adopted gender budgeting already. As such, considering that a bulk of the migrant workers from the Philippines consists of women, the poverty reducing strategy that would have the most impact is the promotions for women migrant workers. Even though Philippine laws already protect women's rights, when women go to another country, they don't enjoy the same privilege. The host country may have a culture of discrimination against women. Their laws may still offer no protection for women. As such, by going to such country, they open themselves to the discrimination and gender biases in the foreign country. And since they are foreigners, the host country owes them less protection compared to its citizens. This is where the program of UNIFEM for migrant workers could be very helpful. UNIFEM could have an information dissemination campaign for women migrant workers so they would be more informed of their rights. If women are better informed of their rights, they would be less prone to abuses. UNIFEM can also establish offices to aid and assist these women migrant workers. Because these women are not in their own country, they do not have their own support group to help them out. If they experience abuse from a citizen of the host country, it is but understandable that they are hesitant to seek help from

A review of three models of communication and group behaviour and Essay

A review of three models of communication and group behaviour and their application to practice in a class room - Essay Example Usually, it is not only depended on the sender to depict the meaning of any communication, the receiver plays a major role in the out come of it. The message send by the sender may not be interpreted the same way it was intended. Hence communication or expression goes a great way towards determining how the expressions are interpreted. Flaw in communication or incomplete communication may affect the purpose of communication and can result in damaging the consequences. Karl Popper said about this issue, â€Å"it is impossible to speak in such a way that you cannot be misunderstood.† Thus, effective communication is important in every walk of life be it professional, personal or social. Not everyone is able to express themselves and in this manner and the significance of communication should not be ignored. The communication process includes the following components: sender, message, encoding, receiver, decoding and feedback. There are different models which describe the basic p rocess of communication. All such models of communication aid to elucidate the kind of interaction and serve as a valid means for illustrating the findings related to research (Narula, 2006). Such models are a tool by which researchers, practitioners, and students can demonstrate their ideas about what they believe to be the most essential features of communication. A brief appraisal of these communication models will help to get a better understanding of their applicability in the classroom setting. The Transmission Model of Communication is a highly acclaimed model of communication developed by Shannon and Weaver (1949). It is a model of communication which reduces message to a process that transmits information. The model includes five elements; a source of information, the transmitter, a channel, receiver and a destination where the message arrives (Flensburg, 2009). According to Daniel Chandler(2007) this model is not the best example for communication as it does not include a two way communication rather is based only on getting the message across to the receiver which can result in technical problem such as uncertainty of how accurately has the message been transmitted. Another problem which can be faced in this model of communication is the semantic error that means how precisely the meaning of the message is covered. Above all the problem, of effectiveness is really important; the sender would not be able to confirm that how effectively the message has affected the behavior of the receiver. This model is definitely one of the simplest models of communication but it carries around the major issue of â€Å"one way model†. It brings uncertainty to the sender of the purpose of the communication being served or destroyed. The whole concept of communication revolves around the feedback; which is a two-way communication model. If we analyze this model in a class room scenario, it is impossible for a teacher to give the lecture to students without know ing that whether her message has been understood by the students or not. She might even face the transmission error considering that the students are unable to understand her language. Chances of semantic error are very much possible in a classroom session as the teacher might be explaining to her level best

Being a Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Being a Leader - Essay Example Likewise, the paper also highlights various leadership styles, which a leader might require to adapt in its process of leadership. Moreover, it also highlights the cultural and motivational aspects for a leader in an organisation. The role of a leader is to assimilate the skills of the people in an organisation to achieve the desired results and organisational objectives. It is also considered that a leader has the role of providing direction to the employees in an organisation, act as a medium of communication between the low-level management and the top-level management of an organisation. Moreover, a leader also has to play the role of a mentor for a group of employees along with providing knowledge to them. Motivation along with providing encouragement to the group of employees also falls under the role of a leader (Kashfi, 2007). Similarly, the responsibilities associated with leadership include communicating the message from the top-level management to the lower-level management of an organisation and help in the smooth execution of organisational operations. A leader is also responsible for empowering talented employees along with convincing them with a vision of meeting the organisational objectives a long with their personal requirements (Burton-Jones, n.d.). Communication skills are perceived as quintessential for a leader, which must be inherent within the people in this position. Moreover, a leader must also have the knowledge of planning regarding the resources in an organisation applying their foresightedness skills. Knowledge of controlling a group and its overall performance is also a vital aspect for leaders to become successful, where the foresightedness characteristics prove to be a virtue for them. A leader also must be able to set the example for its group that would provide them an understanding regarding the skills

Liam McCormicks Church Architecture

Liam McCormicks Church Architecture Fig 1 Photograph: St Aengus, Burt ________________ Word Count: 2,439 Liam McCormick is one of the most recognised architects in modern Irish church architecture. He has introduced design principles in his buildings, which were not only innovative and unique, but were somewhat radical in Ireland at that time. One of the most famous churches that he designed was St. Aengus Church, Burt that was built over the period of 1964-67. When examining Liam McCormicks work at Burt we can see similarities between his ideologies and design principles that other famous architects have also employed in their architectural work. However, the question is, who and what helped inspire him? What are the ideas, materials and methods behind the overall design? All these questions culminate in the construction of this remarkable church. McCormick carefully selected a site, which lies directly below the ancient fort of Grianan an Aileach. The land itself stretches down to Lough Swilly below and benefits from the impressive views of the surrounding countryside. What I find most interesting is McCormicks distinct ability to read a site and produce remarkable buildings from that. This alone sets him apart from many of his Irish church architectural peers. It is obvious that when he designed Burt Church he had taken inspiration not only from other architects but also from the surrounding context in which the church integrates itself. With the site being located adjacent to the Grianan an Aileach fort, McCormick has taken the fundamentals from its historic design and implemented them within his modern church concept. By doing so he has blended historic precedent with the functional and aesthetic requirements of what he believes a modern church should have. There is no doubt that Grianan is the inspiration behind the circular form of the church at Burt. The idea of a circular church was radical and it had not been attempted in Ireland before.[1] With the church being integrated with the surrounding landscape, McCormick has ultimately made the church and the land at one with each other. This has a religious signification of the church being part of Gods Earth. This allows the feeling that the parishioners can be closer to their faith, or feel more at home within this type of church. McCormick himself commented on the church and how it integrated with the land and also the great attention to detail that was employed by all that worked on the building. It is not often that a building is found, such as the little country church, which speaks so clearly of the loving care which has been lavished on it by the architect, builder, client, artists, craftsmen and everyone connected with it. This is as perfect an example of integration with its magnificent site, as it is, probably possible to achieve.[2] McCormick has created a romantic relationship of form and material with the historic fort, which lies above Burt church. McCormick has sensitively merged the church into the site, by choosing to use natural stone for the walls and copper for the roof. In utilising these materials McCormick has helped blend the church into the ground in which it resides. The church has been cleverly designed so that you can approach it from both sides. There is a path from the car park directly opposite and gentle rising steps from the road below which congregate at a cobble edged circle outside the entrance to the church. In a way McCormick is using his design to symbolise bringing people together from all directions of life, something that both religion and the church have aimed to achieve. However, they might not have succeeded successfully in this venture. Fig 2 Photograph: Church approach from roadway  and car park. St Aengus, Burt. When you first approach the church you feel like you are setting foot into another world, or have simply stumbled on to some hobbits dwelling from Lord of the Rings. Though as you climb the steps you get a feeling that it is filled with delightful architectural moments, humble and honest in their appearance, but cleverly resolved in the craft of their creation. McCormick achieves a sense of arrival with this skilfully designed approach. His approach leads you to a concrete canopy where a pair of solid doors covered with beaten cooper with glazed side panels lie below. The low-ceilinged entrance lobby emphasises the height and size of the circular body of the church. McCormick has carefully thought through every little detail of this building and how each element will affect the appearance, feel and flow of the building to its recipients. The buildings circular plan has a clever second internal circular wall, which is placed loosely to the exterior; this in turn creates not only the circular external faà §ade but a circular internal layout disguising the auxiliary accommodation for the church, discretely from the congregation. Fig 3 Plan: St Aengus, Burt. The circular form of Burt means that there is no distinctive front or rear elevation; it also means there are no hidden external areas. Walking around the building reveals details that are both clever and subtle, and which contribute to the creation of a building that is at once vernacular and innovative. The external stonewall is constructed with a barrel like profile (inspired by Grianan an Aileach). A band of brightly coloured stained glass runs the entire circumference of the church on top of the inner circular wall. The outer circular stonewall carries the secondary glazing through which light penetrates the stained glass allowing the chapel to be flooded with coloured light that gives an almost kaleidoscopic effect. With the ring of glazing being positioned between the roof and the external walls there is an impression that the roof is floating, this is amplified during the hours of darkness when the lights are on. Similar to Le Corbusiers work at Ronchamp, although comparing the two would be like comparing Salisbury Cathedral to the Notre Dame. The sculpted copper roof is perhaps the most remarkable element of the building, which climaxes in an asymmetrically placed spire. The position of the spire is dictated by the location of the altar inside the church, the glazed lantern in the spire brings natural light down into the church over the altar resembling something out of a film. McCormick has purposely designed this in order to create dramatic effect within the church. The light from God so to speak, giving a very religious feel to the church. If the lantern had lit the entire church, the same effect wouldnt have been possible. This is also similar to Le Corbusiers design in Ronchamp. McCormick made the roof part of the overall composition, a piece of art in which to attract people. With the roof being visible for miles in the surrounding area, he created a roof, which took a sculptural form, with expression in material. Within the church there are a number of structural pillars placed throughout which a appear to be not in contact with the roof by making them thinner and darker at the top, this also makes the roof appear to float, as there are no lines linking the glass to the roof. To the exterior the metaphors continue, there are a number of pools strategically placed around the building to catch the rainwater from the roof that is distributed via concrete spouts placed above the stonewall. It is Christian belief that water is a blessing and with this in mind it is as if the church is being blessed when its raining. Which as many know is quite often in Ireland, some say we are born with webbed feet! This is yet another incorporation of religion within the overall design. Fig 4 Photograph: Detail of circular pool and  rainwater spout. St Aengus, Burt. McCormicks handling of rainwater demonstrates the thought process that went into making sure each detail was correct. He also took great care and consideration when selecting the materials to be used, he salvaged cobblestones locally to use for the perimeter of the church, which is paved with granite cobblestones. McCormick felt that his churches should be socially correct, that the church should reflect the society in which it was to serve both by means and nature. In other words, if the society was mainly lower class, there was no point in building a church that portrayed wealth that would make the societys congregation feel both uncomfortable and unwelcome, not to mention standing out like sore thumb from the surrounding area. McCormick carefully put forward an argument for modernism within the Irish Church architecture, he used authentic materials, which would be familiar to the community that the church would serve, and also suitable to the climate in which it was to withstand. He used modern structural techniques without becoming alien to the craftsmen employed to carry out the construction. After all, he wanted to create a piece of art and architectural beauty that was fitting to Donegal at that time, and in doing so he required excellent craftsmanship in order to achieve his masterpiece. McCormicks design of Burt demonstrates an enthusiasm to develop a modern church architecture appropriate to the Irish context. McCormicks masterly use of materials and high quality of workmanship, with the attention to detail evident in the construction of the building, are remarkable and were ground-breaking at the time. There is an essence from his designs that he draws extensively on things, which interest him outside of his architectural design. He obviously has a great love for the Irish landscape and what elements make up such landscape; the stones, rocks and the rain! Liam McCormick manages to invoke an emotional reaction from those who experience his church. In some respects its seems like he is playing God with architecture. People respond emotionally to his buildings, which is the rarest and highest praise any architect can receive.[3] It is clear McCormick was a collector of ideas. He studied and visited European works, it was the backbone of his modern approach to design; he was enlightened with architectural ideas and solution from abroad.[4] He then brought this forward thinking approach to Ireland within his church designs. His process of originality and thinking is what created the architecture that Liam McCormick produced, and what sets it aside from other architecture, in particular the tradition of Hand-me-down church architecture in Ireland.[5] Although many of his ideas where of original nature, he took great influence from other architects and allowed some of their ideologies and design principles to influence his own work. Corbusier, Gropius and Alvar Aalto were among McCormicks stated influences. He particularly admired Aaltos sense of scale, location and economy.[6] McCormicks architecture can be seen as somewhat a conversion to Functionalism.[7] His buildings are not only functional for the job they are intended for but also embrace an organic architecture that can be compared to ideologies of Alvar Aalto. To everything its proper place, a setting dictated by its owns demands, its own aesthetic. And everything should be connected with the community served by the town [8](Aalto 1924:20). In Aaltos own words: Nothing does a town greater honor than a well-developed public life and functional public places [9](Aalto 1924: 20). Both Alvar Aalto and Liam McCormick share the unprecedented idea that society lives and survives by the architecture that is created. In Aaltos article the Humanizing of Architecture[10] he examines how human beings react to forms and construction. McCormick also believes in creating architecture that pulls on the emotions of the occupant, just as Aalto designed The Paimio Sanatorium, he tried to emphasise the environmental qualities of where his architecture was to reside. Also like Alvar Aalto, McCormick believed in a total work of art, creating a picture as a whole, he was a great believer in incorporating art within his buildings and this is notably present at Burt, with prominent Irish artwork included. Even though McCormick took influence from other Architects, this did not make his work any less original. The concept that being influenced by a person or piece of work can lead to either imitation or a piece of work that to some extent can be taken to a different level. This is debated prominently in the Anxiety of Influence, of how influence doesnt necessarily have to be a bad thing nor does it mean that the subsequent piece of work will be better for it. But poetic influence need not make poets less original; as often it makes them more original, though not therefore necessarily better.[11] McCormick has not only managed to create an original piece of Irish church architecture but has also managed to avoid the pressure of influence, which could have made him imitate previous architects work. As a result he has created a lasting piece of modern architecture that has added value not only to its landscape but also the local society. The design of Burt Church actually helps enhance the religious message in which the church bestows on to its patrons. In conclusion, even the most creative of people whether they are architects or artists, all take influence from others work. In some respects, it is a degree of respect/admiration of previous work, in others it is simply a way to generate further ideas or take an idea further than before. McCormick certainly has done this with Burt Church, with his clever use of material and form to blend the church with the surrounding landscape but yet give a hint of pleasure and intrigue which the use of the sculptured roof alludes to. He has managed to not only create a radical new Irish church architecture but has developed ideas from others such as Alvar Aalto, in order to create a complete masterpiece of work. Bloom, Harold, The anxiety of influence: a theory of poetry, New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, c1997 Larmour, Paul, and Shane Toole. North by northwest: the life and work of Liam McCormick. Dublin: Gandon Editions for Irish Architecture Foundation [and] Irish Architectural Archive, 2008. Pollard, Carole, and Liam McCormick. Liam McCormick: Seven Donegal churches. Co. Cork: Gandon Editions, 2011. Websites http://archiseek.com/2009/1967-st-aengus-church-burt-co-donegal/ Accessed December 12th 2016 http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/features/heritage/liam-mccormick Accessed December 12th 2016 The Functionalist Awakening of Alvar Aalto, Alvar Aalto Museum http://www.alvaraaltoresearch.fi/files/4213/6033/3603/AAM_RN_Quecedo.pdf Accessed December 12th 2016 http://archistory.korea.ac.kr/archive_110919/Articles/09%20Aalto_and_Humanizing_(JAABE_200905).pdf Accessed December 12th 2016 List of Illustrations Fig 1 Photograph: St Aengus, Burt http://www.inchhouse.com/reviews Accessed December 12th 2016. Fig 2 Photograph: Church approach from roadway and car park. St Aengus, Burt. http://imma.gallery-access.com/intl/en/tour.php?a_id=12Accessed December 12th 2016. Fig 3 Plan: St Aengus, Burt Pollard, Carole, and Liam McCormick. Liam McCormick: Seven Donegal churches. Burt: Gandon Editions, 2011. Fig 4 Photograph: Detail of circular pool and rainwater spout. St Aengus, Burt. https://herdesignjournal.wordpress.com/2013/08/06/st-aengus-burt-chapel-by-liam-mccormick/ Accessed December 12th 2016 [1] Paul Larmour, An Architectural life North by Northwest, (Gandon Editions, 2008) P.49. Taken from RIAI Yearbook 1972 (RIAI Dublin), P.23 [2] Paul Larmour, An Architectural life North by Northwest, (Gandon Editions, 2008) P.49. Taken from RIAI Yearbook 1972 (RIAI Dublin), P.23 [3] http://archiseek.com/2009/1967-st-aengus-church-burt-co-donegal/ Accessed December 12th 2016 [4] Tracy recalls McCormicks use of literature and magazines. with his almost encyclopaedic mind. Referencing, the architectural review, Domus, LArchitecture dAujourdhui, Architectural record, Bouw and werk. Joe Tracy, Forty Years with Liam North by Northwest, (Gandon Editions, 2008) P.220 [5] McCormick describing the tradition of hand me down copies of transitory fashion comparing Ireland to the vernacular traditions of Finland by Aalto. Liam McCormick, remembrance of things present North by Northwest, (Gandon Editions, 2008) P.18 [6] http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/features/heritage/liam-mccormick Accessed December 12th 2016 [7] The Functionalist Awakening of Alvar Aalto, Alvar Aalto Museum http://www.alvaraaltoresearch.fi/files/4213/6033/3603/AAM_RN_Quecedo.pdf Accessed December 12th 2016 [8] IBID [9] IBID [10] http://archistory.korea.ac.kr/archive_110919/Articles/09%20Aalto_and_Humanizing_(JAABE_200905).pdf Accessed December 12th 2016 [11] Harold Bloom, The anxiety of influence: a theory of poetry, New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, c1997, P. Introduction 7.

Pride and Prejudice Adaptations in Modern Film Essay -- Jane Austen

Love in Relationships vs. Love for Oneself   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a day where loving yourself first is not only accepted but often expected, it is a stretch for the 20th (or 21st) century mind to see marriage as a necessity, as it was for Jane Austen and some of the greatest of her heroines. Marriage for money and convenience, as well as familial preservation, formally dominated matchmaking choices. Love and romance were but luxuries in the business-like fashion of marriage. Austen contested this reality and criticized it, but she also placed one thing above romance: the Self. Austen undoubtedly prizes respect for the Self above social expectation and relationships. Handler and Segal (45) noted that themes of â€Å"independence, dependence, and choice† are recurring throughout all of Austen’s works. Recent film adaptations to Austen have decided to downplay these themes, however, in exchange for playing up the romance. These films reveal the 20th century emphasis on romance at the cost of excluding the already estab lished importance of self-knowledge. Pride and Prejudice, Austen’s first written but later published novel, is a commentary on the importance in society of inheritance and achievement. Austen obviously valued one’s achieved virtues over inherited status, a revolutionary notion for a female of the day. Elizabeth Bennet, Austen’s own mouthpiece to criticize her times, bridges the gap between 19th century sensibility and 20th century self-exploration. Lizzy, though given the opportunity on more than one occasion (Mr. Darcy’s first and Mr. Collins’s only proposal) to save herself from her impending poverty as well as preserve her family’s estate, choose rather to be alone than to be in a situation that would compromise her principles. She is a woman of a strong-willed character who puts herself above her society’s expectations of her. If Elizabeth’s parents had known of her initial refusal of Darcy their disbelief would have probably outweighed her reasons for rejectin g him. Even Mr. Bennet, though a staunch supporter of Elizabeth, may not have felt that she had acted prudently considering the family’s situation. This was before her sister Jane was engaged to the wealthy Mr. Bingley, and concern over the future entailment of the estate to Mr. Collins was still great. She didn’t even consider Darcy until her began exhibiting signs that he respected her, such as his ... ...rement for well-rounded development, and as it has become more common, its importance has been taken for granted. How Austen would deal with this present reality is unsure but likely with some disdain. Austen did not preach revolution and women’s’ rights, she only presented her world as she saw how it was and how it should be. Now that the Self has now been placed on the back burner for romantic interests or has been ballooned to the point of excess is only a creation of the present, a true novelty in human history. That our mediums for entertainment reflect this is only as expected to fit our cultural ideas. Works Cited Austen, J. Pride and Prejudice. Penguin Putnum, Inc. New York: 1989. Fielding, H. Bridget Jones’s Diary. Penguin Putnum, Inc. New York: 1996. Handler, R., Segal, D. Jane Austen and the Fiction of Culture. Rowman & Littlefield, Inc. Maryland: 1999. Haskell, M. â€Å"The Innocent Ways of Renee Zellweger.† New York Times, April 8, 2001. Bridget Jones’s Diary 2001 directed by Sharon Maguire. Clueless 1995 directed by Amy Heckerling. Emma 1996 directed by Douglas McGrath. Pride and Prejudice miniseries 1995 BBC/A & E

The Story Only Goodness by Jhumpa Lahiri

People usually have strong opinions and differences when it comes to problems that face intercultural marriages. Most of the people I know my brother, dad and some of my friend married from different culture and each one has a story to tell. However, some of the problems that face intercultural marriage are culture difference, religion, and last but not the least identity conflicts. Some people think culture difference is not an issue and they can adapt to a new culture very easily, but that is not true. It is number one problem that faces every intercultural marriage. There are a lot of things that we do that are normal to us, which are not normal to others. For example, in my community a man is known as the breadwinner while a woman is caretaker of the children and has nothing else to do, so she cannot ask her husband to change diaper, or help her clean the house. In America something like this is normal. Another example of culture difference that leads to a lot of problems is a woman having a male friend. In most of the communities a woman should not have a male friend besides her husband, but in America it’s normal for her to have friends regardless of their gender. All of this culture difference leads to problems in intercultural marriage and makes understanding each other difficult. Religion is one of the main problems that faces intercultural marriage. Despite the upswing in the religious fundamentalism in all part of the world, very few couples can speak of their religious conflicts freely in their marriage. However, people normally think they can address their religious differences thoughtfully before marriage, realizing that what people believe affects not only how they worship, but also how they live their daily life. A good example is a marriage between a Muslim and Christian. A Muslim person has a lot of restrictions he is not allowed to drink alcohol or eat pork meat, which is normal in most part of the world, but not to a Muslim person and will lead to a lot of problems because some people can’t live with out alcohol. Another problem is, a child borne into this kind of marriage get confused which way to follow because the father and mother have different religion and they each want their child to follow their footsteps and they get caught in the middle. Finally, another problem that faces intercultural marriage is identity conflict. Children borne out of two races for example black and white or different nationalities have difficulties in stating their races because mostly they face rejection from both sides, some time they call themself half white or half black or fifty fifty. A good example is our president Barack Obama. Some people think he is black while others think he is white because of his mother, and most blacks don’t like him for that. I have a half brother who is still trying to figure out whether he Arab or African because his mother is an Arab and lives in Dubai and our father is African. Last year when he came to the USA we met each other he couldn’t speak any other language except Arabic and we couldn’t communicate each other well because of that, but he did not think of me as a brother, but a stranger he just met. His mother got divorced from my father long time ago when he was a child and took him along with her. All these are problems that face intercultural marriage. In conclusion intercultural marriage has many problem such as culture difference, religion, and identity conflict. But all of these are how nature is and nobody can change it. It doesn’t mean that people shouldn’t marry; they still do get married from different community and live together happily ever after. Even I want to get married to a white girl and let’s hope things will never change for us and remain the way it is now and tomorrow.

Dreaming in the 1960s essays

Dreaming in the 1960s essays In 1962, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. said his most famous words: "I have a dream." He was not the only one who felt this way. For many, the 1960s was a decade in which their dreams about America might be fulfilled. For Martin Luther King Jr., this was a dream of a truly equal America; for John F. Kennedy, it was a dream of a young vigorous nation that would put a man on the moon; and for the hippy movement, it was one of love, peace, and freedom. The 1960s was a tumultuous decade of social and political upheaval. We are still confronting many social issues that were addressed in the 1960s today. In spite of the turmoil, there were some positive results, such as the civil rights revolution. However, many outcomes were negative: student antiwar protest movements, political assassinations, and ghetto riots excited American people and resulted in a lack of respect for authority and the law. The first president during the 1960s was John F. Kennedy. He was young, appealing, and had a carefully crafted public image that barely won him the election. Because former President Eisenhower supported the Republican nominee, Richard Nixon, and because many had doubts about Kennedy's youth and Catholic religion, Kennedy only received three-tenths of one percent more of the popular vote than Nixon. The first thing Kennedy did during his brief presidency was to try to restore the nation's economy. Economic growth was slow in 1961 when Kennedy entered the White house. The President initiated a series of tariff negotiations to stimulate exports and proposed a federal tax cut to help the economy internally. John F. Kennedy was known as one of the few presidents in history who made his own personality a significant part of his presidency and a focus of national attention. Nothing illustrated this more clearly than the reaction to the tragedy of November 22, 1963. Kennedy was driving through the streets of Dallas. The streets were...

Interpreter of Maladies

Interpreter of Maladies The short story Interpreter of Maladies written by Jhumpa Lahiri explores a variety of themes. One of them is the need for intimacy. In particular, the author shows that this need can be partly explained by our willingness to speak openly to a person who will not be judgmental of our behavior, values, or morality.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Interpreter of Maladies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, this novella suggests that the desire for intimacy can sometimes arise because people want to find a companion who will feel compassion for them and probably raise their self-esteem. Jhumpa Lahiri explores this issue by focusing on the relations between such characters as Mrs. Das and Mr. Kapasi. Overall, Jhumpa Lahiri creates a situation when intimacy is driven mostly by selfishness, rather then love or affection. This paper will show how the writer communicates this idea to the readers. The writer employs several literary elements in order to convey this message to the reader. First of all, one has to speak about character development. Lahiri does not present a direct evaluation of Mrs. Das or Mr. Kapasi. Yet, practically in every passage of this novella, Lahiri gives some minor descriptions which can tell us a lot about the inner world of these people. For example, she tells that â€Å"Mr. and Mrs. Das bickered about who should take Tina (their daughter) to the toilet† (Lahiri 2005, p. 185). Secondly, she refuses to help her daughter with her manicure and asks Tina to â€Å"leave her alone†. These details suggest that she might be unhappy in her marriage. One can surely say that Mrs. Das feels alienated from her husband and children. Yet, at the beginning we do not why she behaves in such a way. Similarly, the author shows us that Mr. Kapasi views his job as an interpreter as a â€Å"thankless occupation† which does not allow him to fulfill his potentia l (Lahiri 2005, p. 191).Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These people are gravitated toward one another for different reasons. Ms. Das believes that she is the person to whom she can confess that she was unfaithful to her husband without having to justify or acquit herself. In his turn, Mr. Kapasi feels closeness to her because she expressed some interest in him and his work. Character development is the main literary element that demonstrates that their alleged intimacy can be more attributed to egoism instead of affection. Therefore, it is not surprising that these people fail to develop any form of relationship. The conflict presented in this short story has two dimensions. The main characters have to choose between their self-interests or self-esteem and the necessity to accept or tell the truth. For instance, Mr. Kapasi does not want to accept the i dea that his career and his life are not as successful as he wants them to be. This is the reason why he is attracted to Mrs. Das who finds him â€Å"romantic† (Lahiri 2005, p. 191). Nonetheless, he does not want to do anything that can improve the quality of his life. Similarly, Mrs. Das is not willing to acknowledge the fact that her marriage proved to be a complete failure, and she can be partly blamed for this outcome. The main issue is that these people do not even consider telling the truth to others or to themselves. Instead, they strive to find an imaginary friend able to console them. This is one of the reasons why they are unhappy and discontent with themselves and others. Other important literary elements that should not be overlooked are the voice of the author and the narrative mode. Jhumpa Lahiri tells the story from the third-person point of view. The writer enables the reader to better understand the feelings and emotions of different characters. One can also say that she feels some form of empathy for them. She explains why they feel so alienated from their families, and why they are longing for intimacy. Moreover, it is possible to assume that the narrator is the only one who understands the feelings and sentiments of Mrs. Das, or Mr. Kapasi. Other characters lack this capacity.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Interpreter of Maladies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words, those people, who surround Mrs. Das, or Mr. Kapasi, do not know why they feel frustrated. Thus, one can argue that the narrative mode and the voice really help the author show that the main protagonists strive for compassion and sincerity. Other people do not even try to find out the cause of their depression or discontent. They may not even notice that something is wrong with them. There are various peculiarities of the plot which play instrumental role in revealing the personal qualities of characters. First, one can notice that Jhumpa Lahiri prefers non-linear plot which is full of flashbacks or recollections. These flashbacks are aimed at explaining the reasons why Mr. Kapasi and Mrs. Das can be drawn to each other. For example, Lahiri tells us about Kapasi’s relations with his wife who blamed him for his inability to avert the death of their son (2005, p. 192). Additionally, the flashbacks inserted into the story describe the circumstances that prompted Mrs. Das to commit adultery. The writer does not attempt to justify them; more likely, she tries to better illustrate their need for intimacy. This non-linear structure of the plot is essential for portraying the inner world of characters. Additionally, if we speak about the plot of the story, we should focus primarily on the climax. At this point, Mrs. Das tells she wants to speak to someone who can alleviate her suffering. She says, â€Å"I’ve been in pain eight years. I was hoping you c ould help me feel better† (Lahiri 2005, p. 201). Her confession disappoints his expectations because he clearly wanted to establish romantic relations with her. He did not want to be a counselor. At this point, both of them realize that they have nothing in common with one another. During the final scene, Mrs. Das throws away the note on which the address of her companion is written. This moment symbolizes the rupture of their relations. Jhumpa Lahiri skillfully employs to communicate her message to the readers.Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overall, such a novella as Interpreter of Maladies can identifies several reasons why people look for intimacy. On the one hand, we can speak about with people’s willingness to communicate with someone who will not condemn them and accuse them of immorality. This is particularly important for Mrs. Das. The second reason is self-esteem. Mr. Kapasi feels intimacy toward this woman because he believes that she finds him romantic and interesting rather than commonplace. The author shows that the intimacy and relations that are driven by selfishness are more likely to be fruitless. Reference List Lahiri, J. (2005). Interpreter of Maladies. In, P. Shreve B, Nguyen, (Ed.), 30/30:  thirty American stories from the last thirty years (pp. 185- 203). New York: Pearson Longman.

Macroeconomic - Market Rate of Interest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macroeconomic - Market Rate of Interest - Essay Example The cash rate can be changed by the mortgage as well as the rates of business loans. The aggregate economy is often influenced by monetary policy. Suppose the Reserve Bank deals in supplying more money to the commercial banks, those banks will attempt to keep the reserve rate at steady level and launch into lending more cash in the market. This will lead to a fall in the cash rate. The supply of funds can be increased by increasing the average maturity of the repos, expanding the private security ranges. The changes in the monetary policy will shed its effects on the interest rates in the short run and thus the relationship between the cash arte and the interest rates can be easily defined. But it should be kept in mind that the cash rate lacks the potential to determine the level of intermediary’s rates (Campbell, 1997). 2. Analyze the effects of a decrease in the interest rate on consumption and investment expenditures, the level of aggregate demand, the inflation and the un employment rates. Answer: The changes in the interest rates can shed effects on the consumption spending. With increase in the price levels the interest rates tends to increase. ... On the other hand the expenditures on consumption will decrease. Aggregate demand is expressed by AD = C + I + G + (X-M), where C= consumption, I= capital investment, G= government spending, and (X-M) = trade balance. When the interest rate falls, the capital investment rises and therefore the aggregate demand rises. The effect is just the opposite for rise in the level of interest rates. If the interest rates fall, the demand prevailing in the society for the goods as well as services will fall. Therefore the prices of the products will tend to fall being the resultant of fall in price. Decrease in demand will lead to less production and eventually unemployment rises. 3. Explain what is the meant by the credit creation process of the commercial banks and how it may be influenced by the expansionary monetary policy. Answer: The primary functions of banks include acceptance of deposits, remittance of funds, advancing loans, creation of credit and financing foreign trade. Creation of c redit is one of the unique functions of the bank. It is the responsibility of the banks to supply money to the traders as well as to the manufacturers. The banks are also involved in creating or manufacturing money. The deposits of the banks can be regarded as money. Such deposits can be compared with cash. The deposits can be used in purchasing goods as well as services. They can also be used in debt payments. The deposits of the customers are called primary deposits. The banks keep a certain part of the deposits in the form of reserves while the rest is made available for loans advancements. Therefore every deposit has the potential to create loan. The banks do not pay cash to the customer when it grants a loan to them. The bank simply credits the requisite or the loan amount in the

Air Crash Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Air Crash Investigation - Essay Example This report also aims in making recommendations for improving the system and reducing the failure rates. Table of Contents ABSTRACT 1 1.0 Introduction 4 2.0 Description of the Accident 5 3.0 Narrative of Events 5 4.0 Structure of Investigation Report 6 4.1 Executive Summary 7 4.2 Factual Information 7 4.2.1 Mission 7 4.2.2. Sequence of Events or Narrative of Events 7 4.2.3 Sequence of Crash or Response of Accident 7 4.2.4 Description of Damage and Injuries 8 4.2.5 Wreckage Report 8 4.2.6 Operational History 8 4.2.7 Compliance with Directives 8 4.2.8 Training, Qualifications and Certifications 8 4.2.9 Management of Record 9 4.2.10 Opportunities for Prevention of Accident 9 4.2.11 Mission Risk Factors 9 4.2.12 Emphasis on Safety 9 4.3 Analysis 9 4.4 Findings 10 4.5 Recommendations 10 5.0 Major Points and Findings of Investigation Report 10 6.0 Evaluation of Recommendations 12 7.0 Changes to Global Civil Aviation Regulations 15 8.0 System Operation 16 Conclusions 1 Recommendations 1 Lis t of Figures Figure 1 : Percentage of Causes for Air Accidents 5 Figure 2 : Leading Edge Horizontal Sabilizer Separation from Embraer 120 11 Figure 3 : Function of Horizontal Stabilizer 17 Figure 4 : Aircraft Pitch Movement 18 Figure 5 : Effect of Airfoil Shapes on Lift 19 Figure 6 : Horizontal Stabilizer of Embraer 120 19 Figure 7 : Loss of Leading Edge of Horizontal Stabilizer 21 Figure 8 : Fault Tree Analysis of Continental Express Flight 2574 1 Air Crash Investigation Continental Express Flight 2574 Details of Accident 1.0 Introduction According to Annesure 13 of Convention on International Civil Aviation (2010), also known as Chicago Convention, an aviation accident is â€Å"an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft, which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, where a person is fatally or seriously injured, the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible†. The purpose of air crash investigations is to determine the reasons for accident and make safety recommendations to avoid recurrences and if possible preserve life. Its aim is not to apportion blame and liability if any on an individual or organization. Safety Boards are assigned the mandate to carry out these investigations; however, these are not regulatory bodies since approval and implementation of regulation is within the domain of Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) and Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). According to Boeing (2010), majority of the aircraft accidents were causes by pilot or flight crew error indicating a high percentage of human factor, followed by defective equipment or component that made up 14% of the total while less than one-third the human factor as shown in figure below: Figure 1 : Percentage of Causes for Air Accidents 2.0 Description of the Accident Continental Express Flight 2574, a domestic flight, was scheduled from Laredo International Airport in Laredo, Texas to Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston, Texas on 11 September 1991 with 12 passengers and two crew members on board. Nearly at the end of their 55 minutes flight to destination, aircraft crashed in a corn field near Eagle Lake, Texas due to structural failure. Texas